The Effect Of Sonic Logs On The Petroleum Industry And The...

Logging is a method which has been used over a period of time to better understand subsurface parameters and reservoir conditions. The Acoustic or Sonic log is one such method which is used in combination with density and neutron logs in order to determine these parameters. Full-waveform acoustic logging has advanced significantly in both theory and application in recent years, and these advances have greatly increased the capability of log analysts to measure the physical properties of formations (Paillet et al 1992). This report focuses on the basic application of sonic logs in the petroleum industry and the current advances made in their application. It is also explained how porosity of the rocks are obtained from shaly formations using sonic logs. The principle of sonic logging involves a transmitter and a receiver wherein a signal is sent from the transmitter and the amount of time taken until it has reached the receiver is recorded. The speed of sound in the subsurface depends on the elastic properties of the rock matrix, the porosity of the formations, fluid content and pressure of the formation (Petroleum Transactions, Members AIME 1958). Sonic logging is carried out after the well has been drilled. Background: History of Sonic Logs Sonic logs were first introduced in the 1920s as a part of surface seismic techniques in in oil and gas exploration. In the beginning there was an obvious interpretation problem between the time and depth correlation. Although theShow MoreRelatedTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 Pages26 3 The US Airline Industry in 2002 33 4 DaimlerChrysler and the World Automobile Industry 41 5 Wal-Mart Stores Inc., May 2002 49 6 Eastman Kodak: Meeting the Digital Challenge 62 7 Organizational Restructuring within the Royal Dutch/Shell Group 70 8 Harley-Davidson, Inc., January 2001 77 9 Online Broking Strategies: Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab and E*Trade 83 10 11 12 Emi and the CT Scanner [A] [B] 88 Rivalry in Video Games 98 Birds Eye and the UK Frozen Food Industry 109 1 CONTENTS

Essay about Teen Pregnancy - 2611 Words

The majority of America know Oprah Winfrey a mogul, television host and producer. â€Å"But did you know she was once a pregnant 14- year- old?† I gained knowledge of this from watching Oprah’s show. Oprah stated that she lost the baby. Hence, Oprah never had to face the dilemmas experienced by Nikkole a teenaged mother whose life can be viewed on MTV’s melodrama â€Å"16 and Pregnant.† â€Å"I’ve found myself watching several episodes, mainly on snow days.† In each episode the protagonists (teen moms) introduce you to their lives as pregnant teenagers. The girls are followed by cameras through the prenatal stage, birth, and the onset of motherhood. The girls talk about their lives and are interviewed by Dr. Drew Pinsky an addiction and personality†¦show more content†¦Males play an intricate part in this social problem. I also learned through reading the research that it is more beneficial to focus on the prevention of Adolescent P regnancy than it is to emphasize blame for the social problem. The researchers such as the Alan Guttmacher Institute suggest that 22% of teen pregnancies and 44% of births to 15- to 19-year-old women were intended. The factors that affect the decisions of adolescent women to conceive are complex. â€Å"What influences Teen Pregnancy?† Research suggests that parenting styles which lack attentiveness and nurturing may promote teen pregnancy. Other studies suggest that an unstable home environment where addiction is prevalent may also influence teen pregnancy. Teens may also use pregnancy to force a partner into a commitment or rebel against parents. Sexually abused teens are also vulnerable and may become teen parents. Teens that have been sexually abuse may become promiscuous. They initiate the sexual encounters so that they feel as if they are in control of all sexual situations. They may often fail to use contraception or to use it correctly; the same may be said for teens t hat use drugs. Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent pregnancy are troubling social morbidities in our current world. Previous research has documented that domestic violence, both sexual and physical, is associated with an increased risk of adolescent pregnancy, lowerShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, ReidRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that annually about 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth. Indeed, in many countries policies and programs are developed and implemented for the prevention of teen pregnancy and reduction of risks and consequences it might cause. Furthermore, that a teenager becomes pregnant poses a risk to her health, her life and the fetusRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1246 Words   |  5 PagesA topic in American society that has proved to be an ongoing, and growing issue is that none other than teen pregnancy. In recent years, teen pregnancy rates have been increasing, which ultimately led to the topics increase of public and media attention. In American society teen pregnancy is often associated with negligence, as well as being irresponsible. In American society sex education for children is underdeveloped and instead society tends to use fear and shame to highlight/combat the dangersRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreTeen Pregnancy : Teenage Pregnancy1404 Words   |  6 PagesLauryn Jones Block 5 4/27/16 What is Teen Pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A girl can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate which can be before her first menstrual period, but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13. Most teenage girls don t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Teen pregnancies carry extra health risks to both the motherRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1057 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a common thing here in America. It seems teens are getting pregnant more than the average married couple. There are some risk factors teen moms face and there is also another great turn outs. There is a major difference between the two. It’s important to tell teens the turnouts of teen pregnancy for the good and bad parts. There are risks of having sex, teen moms can make a difference for her and the baby, the risk of having HIV and/or any other STD’s, and the effects on theRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a prominent dilemma in our nation because it continues to place adolescents into delinquency. According to the United States Health and Human Services, three out of ten American teen girls will become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of twenty. That is nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies in a year (1) (HHS Pg.2 2014). Also according to U.S. Department of State, teen pregnancy budgets the United States and tax payers approximately seven billion dollars annually (2)Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words   |  7 PagesTerrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society. This paper will talk about teenage pregnancy, statistics, ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, and after birth options. So why is teenage pregnancy so important? Some people are concerned about teens getting pregnant at such an early age. There are otherRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens1643 Words   |  7 PagesEvery teen has dream about how they want to graduate from high school and then go to college, but some teens are not willing to take the challenge. Some of these teens want to drop out of high school and other teens want to keep furthering their education. For some there are obstacle that life throw at them to be able to accomplish their goals. Earning an education is challenging enough, but when there is a teen parent trying to finish their education it becomes more difficult than it would beRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens978 Words   |  4 Pagesare getting younger in age, and the birth rate is rising higher. Mississippi has the highest birth rates in teen pregnancy, and has held this title for the past few years. This problem has had such a rise to fame becau se this is a problem that can be prevented. Parents and communities should take action to help lower the teen pregnancy birth rate in Mississippi. Since the birth rate in teens is so high that means there is more need of government assistance. This becomes such a problem in states because

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Free Essays

John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men is a touching tale of the friendship between two men–set against the backdrop of the United States during the depression of the 1930s. The book addresses the real hopes and dreams of working-class America. Steinbeck’s short novel raises the lives of the poor and dispossessed to a higher, symbolic level. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel opens with two workers who are crossing the country on foot to find work. George is a cynical, irresolute man. George looks after his companion, Lennie–treating him like a brother. Lennie is a giant man of incredible strength, but has a metal disability that makes him slow-to-learn and almost child-like. George and Lennie had to flee the last town because Lennie touched a woman’s dress and he’d been accused of rape. They begin to work at a ranch, and they share their dream: they want to own their own piece of land and farm for themselves. They feel dispossessed and unable to control their own lives. The climactic moment of the novel revolves around Lennie’s love of soft things. He pets the hair of Curley’s wife, but she gets scared. In the resulting struggle, Lennie kills her and runs away. The farmhands form a lynch mob to punish Lennie, but George finds him first. George understands that Lennie cannot live in the world, and he wants to save him the pain and terror of being lynched, so he shoots him in the back of the head. The literary power of Of Mice and Men rests firmly on the relationship between the two central characters, their friendship and their shared dream. These two men are so very different, but they come together, stay together, and support each other in a world full of people who are destitute and alone. In a way, Of Mice and Men is an extremely despondent novel. The novel shows the dreams of a small group of people and then contrasts these dreams with a reality that is unreachable, which they cannot achieve. Even though the dream never becomes reality, Steinbeck does leave us with an optimistic message. George and Lennie do not achieve their dream, but their friendship stands out as a shining example of how people can live and love even in a word of alienation and disconnectedness. Its powerful ending is climactic and shocking to the extreme. But, we also come to an understanding of the tragedy of life. Regardless of the sufferings of those who live it, life goes on. The book is great, highly recommended. There’s so much human nature in those few pages, it’s just amazing how Steinbeck managed to pack it all in so nicely. Many of the most major and fundamental principles of the human psyche are here – self-esteem, meaning to one’s life, loneliness, friendship, love. The book is a masterpiece. How to cite Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Essay examples

Historical Essay Example For Students

Historical Essay Year 11 IBHistory Ms. WatsonHow did Hitler persecute the minority groups of Germany so that he could create his perfect Aryan society?Word Count: 148822/3/04Michael CurrieDuring Hitlers time in power minority groups in Germany and in Europe weretortured, tormented, exiled and killed. Hitler persecuted various minoritygroups because he thought they had no place in his master race. Hitler hada vision of a master race called the Aryan race which he planned topurify and become world dominators. Hitler decided that to make this masterrace he would have to exterminate all the minorities which did not fitunder the Aryan race. Examples of these minorities are the Jews, Gypsies,Homosexuals, handicapped and anyone who he believed to be asocial ordefective. Not only did Hitler persecute these groups in Germany, as hestarted invading other countries he persecuted the minorities in thosecountries as well. Some of the most affected countries were Poland,Holland, Austria and France. Hitlers persecu tion of Minority groups was anissue that affected Europe as a whole. What was Hitlers view of a master race? In Hitlers book Mein Kampf Hitlerdivides humans into categories based on physical appearance, establishinghigher and lower orders, or types of humans. At the top, according toHitler is the Germanic man with his fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes. Hitler refers to this type of person as an Aryan. He asserts the Aryan isthe supreme form of human, or master race. All the human culture, all theresults of art, science, and technology that we see before us today, arealmost exclusively the creative product of the Aryan(http://www.bofhlet.net/tasteless/13/kampf.htm). This direct quote gives anexcellent view of Hitlers belief. Hitler used powerful propagandatechniques to convince not only the German people, but countless others,that if they eliminated the people who stood in their way and thedegenerates and racially inferior, they the great Germans would prosper(http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/romgypsies.htm). Hitler gave the titledegenerates and racially inferior to the Jews and other minority groups. Although the Aryan race was superior there were still people within theAryan race who were considered a burden to the society and were taken awayand treated as one of the minorities. These people were normally thedisabled and mentally ill and although they were of Aryan decent they werepersecuted just like the minorities because of their individualities. There were many different groups of people who were persecuted by theNazis, but by far the largest group was the Jews. There are many differentsuggestions of why Hitler hated the Jews, one being that his mothers doctorwas a Jew and when he couldnt save her, Hitler blamed his mothers deathon the Jews and another that he heard voices in his head telling him tosave Germany form the Jews (War Time leader series: Adolf Hitler. Learningessentials, Victoria), however this video source does seem to mix fact andopinion making assumptions of what was on Hitlers mind. The fact is thatthe Jews were chosen for annihilation because of their race. Even thoughJews are defined by religion, Hitler saw the Jewish people as a race thathe believed needed to be completely annihilated(http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/romgypsies.htm). This source is alsosupported by many other historical writings. Hitler said it was the Jewswho are engaged in a conspiracy to keep this master race from assuming itsrightful position as rulers of the world, by tainting its racial andcultural purity and even inventing forms of government in which the Aryancomes to believe in equality and fails to recognize his racial superiority. Nathaniel EssayHitlers persecution of minority groups spread to other countries as well. Poland was severely affected as it was great agricultural land close toGermany filled with strong healthy farmers. Hitler forced the Polish Jewsinto Ghettos and imprisoned the people of Poland inside their own land. Blonde haired children were Germanized and taken back to Germany to betrained as Nazi supporters. (http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/fivmil.htm)Holland was invaded by Germany because they were considered to be thesuperior racial composition of the Dutch people, certifiably 100% Aryan;German interbreeding with the Dutch could in fact improve the racial purityof the new German super-nation (http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/holnazi.htm). An example of a minority persecuted in Holland is Anne Frank. Anne Frankwas one of the Jewish victims of Nazi persecution during the Second WorldWar. After Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands in 1940, increasinglysevere anti-Jewish measures began there(http://www.channels.nl/amsterdam/annefran.html). The information found onAnne Frank is from a Dutch website which summarises her factual account andwhich is a well recognised source of information of the effects of Hitlersregime on Holland and on her as one individual. In conclusion, because of Hitlers vision of a master race, so manyinnocent people were persecuted all over Germany and Europe. Hitlercommitted genocide so that everyone could be the same without differences. By doing this he took away the one thing that makes a person, theirindividuality. Bibliography: Internet Sources:. http://www.bofhlet.net/tasteless/13/kampf.htm. http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/romgypsies.htm. http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/nazi.htm. http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/fivmil.htm. http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/holnazi.htm. http://www.channels.nl/amsterdam/annefran.html. http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/disabled.html. http://www.channels.nl/amsterdam/annefran.htmlCD-ROM Sources:. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003. 1993-2002 MicrosoftCorporationVideo Sources:. War Time leader series: Adolf Hitler. Learning essentials, Victoria

Why We Should Participate In The Liturgy Essays -

Why We Should Participate In The Liturgy Why We Should Participate in Liturgy Liturgy come from the Greek word meaning, A public duty or work. Liturgy is defined as the form of prayer, acts and ceremonies used in the public and offical worship of the Church, principally in the offering of the Eucharist, the singing and receiving of the Sacraments. Participate, is defined as to have or take a part or share in, or to give a share of; to communicate. There is no greater thing we can to do to show God that we love Him than to attend the Mass and receive the Body and Blood of Christ. But participating in the mass by kneeling, standing, walking, sitting, speaking, and listening are very important also. These are all talents God gave us and we should use them to praise him and to tell others that we are not afraid to use them for the good of God. Maybe we can't sing that great, but if we try God will still appreciate the try. There is nothing to be ashamed of, when participating in the mass. Maybe some of us can't get up in front of everyone and read, but we should still read along and listen to the reader, because it is God speaking through them. Sometime itis hard to pay attention during Mass, but the church only ask us for one hour each week, which isn't that much, for God. With the sign of peace we get to show each other our love for each other and for God. To participate in the liturgy inclueds all the things that we have grow up with and should not be something taken lightly for God watches over us all the time. Acceptance Essays

How to Calculate PSAT Score 3-Step Score Calculator

How to Calculate PSAT Score 3-Step Score Calculator SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re struggling to calculate your PSAT score, then it sounds like you’re in need of a handy PSAT score calculator! In this guide, we offeryou step-by-step instructions on how to calculate PSAT scores. To begin, we'll look at how the PSAT is scored and what â€Å"equating† means. We'll then go overhow to calculate various PSAT scores before finishing with an explanation on how a PSAT score calculatorcan help you get the PSAT score you want. How Is the PSAT Scored? The PSAT is scored on a scale of 320-1520 in 10-point increments. Your total PSAT scoreis the sum of your Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) section scores. (EBRW is a combination of your Reading and Writing and Language scores). These two sections areeach scored on ascale of 160-760, which is equivalent to half the total score range. But there aren't 1,520 questions on the PSAT, sowhere do these numbers come from? In reality,your Math and EBRW scores start outas raw scores. A raw score is simply the number of questions you answered correctly. So if I were to get 40 Reading questions right, my raw Reading score would be 40. (Note that the PSAT uses rights-only scoring, so you'll never lose any points for incorrect answers.) Next, your raw scores for Math, Reading, and Writing and Language (we'll refer to this section as"Writing" from now on) are converted into finalscaled scores using a special equating process. The College Board (the creators of the PSAT) uses equating toaccount for slight differences in difficulty among tests, making it so thatascaled PSAT score always indicates the same level of ability, regardless of test. Here’s how the College Boarddescribes the equating process used for the PSAT: â€Å"This conversion process adjusts for slight differences in difficulty among versions of the test and provides a score that is equated, or consistent, across forms. This process ensures that no student receives an advantage or disadvantage from taking a particular form of the test on a particular day;* a score of 400 on one test form is equivalent to a score of 400 on another test form.† *Emphasis mine. Ultimately, what this means isthat raw scores will not alwaysconvert into the same scaled scores on different PSATs. Here's an example to illustrate this concept:on this practice PSAT, you can see that a 23 raw Math score converts into 540, but on this practice PSAT,23 converts into 510 instead. So are raw scores and scaled scores the only scores you'll get on the PSAT? Not at all!In addition, you’ll receivesubscores and cross-test scores (the same as those on the SAT) as well as aNational Merit Selection Index score. Subscores measure specific skills in each section on ascale of 1-15, whilecross-test scoresmeasureyour understanding ofhistory/social studies and science questions on a scale of8-38. The Selection Indexis perhaps one of the most unique scores you'll get; it has a score range of 48-228 and is used to determine your eligibility for the National Merit Scholarship Program. To qualify for the program, you must earn a Selection Index score at or above your state’scutoff score. Now, let'scalculate PSAT score areas together! Are raw PSAT scores as tasty as raw cookie dough? How to Calculate PSAT Score: Raw Scaled Here, we'llshow you how to calculate yourraw and scaled (section) PSAT scores. If you'd like to calculateyour own scores as you read along, make sure you have access to the answer key for whichever official PSAT practice testyou took. This will act as your PSAT score calculator. Note that all of the example charts and conversions below are based onthescoring guidetoPSAT Practice Test #1. Step 1: Determine Raw Scores Raw scores are a relatively easy-to-calculate PSAT score area. Remember,raw scores equal the number of correct answers you got.In other words,the highest raw score you can earn on a section will be the same as the total number of questions in that section. Each of the three PSAT sections - Reading, Writing, and Math - contains a different total number of questions, or a different raw score range. Math is the only section that's actually divided into two subsections, No Calculator and Calculator, each of which has its own raw score range. Here is an overview of the raw score ranges on the PSAT: PSAT Section Reading Writing and Language Math No Calculator Calculator Raw Score Range 0-47 0-44 0-17 0-31 Raw Reading Score Your raw Reading score will be out of 47 points. Using your practice test’s answer key, add up all of the correct answers you earned on the Reading section to get your raw Reading score. For example, if I were to miss 13 questions on the Reading section, my raw Reading score would be 34: Raw Writing and Language Score Your raw Writing score will be out of 44 points. The Writing answer key is located next to the Readinganswer key. Once again, add up all of your correct answers on your test's answer key to getyour raw Writing score. Here's an example: Raw Math Score As I mentioned above, Math is divided into two subsections: No Calculator and Calculator. This means you’ll receive two raw Math scores that'llbe subsequentlycombined to give you a total raw Math score. The maximum number of points you can earn is17 on Math No Calculator and 31 on Math Calculator. Altogether, then, you can earn up to 48 points on Math. To calculate your raw Math score, tally your correct answers on the No Calculator and Calculator subsections. Soif I were to miss 5 points on No Calculator and 8 on Calculator, my raw Math scores would be 12 and 23, respectively: Then, combine these two scores to get your total raw Math score: Step 2: Convert to Scaled Scores Scaled, or equated, scores are the final section scores you'll receive on the PSAT. These scores use a scale of 160-760, with each accounting for half your total PSAT score. As we discussedpreviously, raw-score-to-scaled-score conversions vary slightly with each PSATdue to differences in equating formulas. Thus, theconversion charts we use for our examples below will not apply exactly to all PSATs. (Remember, our examples are all based on a specific test - PSAT Practice Test #1!) Now, let's take a look at how to calculate your scaled PSAT scores. Math Section Score Start by calculatingyour total raw Math score using the steps above. Thisscore will be out of48 points. Next, look for the "Raw Score" and "Math Section Score" columns on your practice test’s raw score conversion table. (As a reminder, conversion tables varyslightly with eachtest, so one raw Math score on one test may not convert into the same scaled Math score on another test.) On the chart, your raw Math score will directly convert into a Math section score (i.e., a scaled score). To convert your score, simply match your raw score with the corresponding Math section score. In my example above, mytotal raw Math score was 35, whichconverts into 650: Raw Score Math Section Score Raw Score Math Section Score 0 160 25 560 1 190 26 570 2 210 27 580 3 240 28 580 4 270 29 590 5 290 30 600 6 320 31 610 7 340 32 620 8 360 33 630 9 370 34 640 10 390 35 650 400 36 670 12 420 37 680 13 430 38 690 14 440 39 710 15 460 40 720 16 470 41 730 17 480 42 730 18 490 43 740 19 500 44 740 20 510 45 750 21 520 46 750 22 530 47 760 23 540 48 760 24 550 EBRW Section Score Calculating your EBRW section score requires a couple of extra steps. Like the process you followedfor figuring outyour Math section score, beginby calculating your raw Reading and Writing scores (using the steps above). These scores will be out of 47 and 44 points, respectively. Next, look for your scaled Reading and Writingscores using your practice test’s raw score conversion table. Find your raw scores for each section and then look across to the corresponding column to determineyour Reading and Writing test scores. These test scores, though scaled, are not your final section scores.Unlike PSATsectionscores, which use a score range of 160-760, test scores use a much smaller rangeof 8-38. Myraw Reading score above was 34, and my raw Writing score was 38. According to the following conversion table, these two raw scores convert into scaled (test) scores of30 and 33, respectively: Raw Score Reading Test score Writing and Language Test Score Raw Score Reading Test Score Writing and Language Test Score 0 8 8 24 25 25 1 9 9 25 26 25 2 10 10 26 26 26 3 27 27 27 4 12 12 28 27 27 5 14 13 29 28 28 6 15 14 30 28 28 7 16 14 31 29 29 8 16 15 32 29 29 9 17 15 33 30 30 10 18 16 34 30 30 18 16 35 31 31 12 19 17 36 31 32 13 19 18 37 32 32 14 20 18 38 32 33 15 20 19 39 33 34 16 21 20 40 34 35 17 21 20 41 34 36 18 22 21 42 35 37 19 22 21 43 36 37 20 23 22 44 37 38 21 23 23 45 37 22 24 24 46 38 23 24 24 47 38 Step 3: Combine for Total Score Once you have your individual Reading and Writing test scores, combine these scores to get a total EBRW test score on a scale of 16-76. Finally,multiply this sum by 10 to get your scaled EBRW score. As an equation, this conversion process can be writtenas so:(R+W)10=EBRW. In my example above, my Reading and Writing test scores were 30 and 33, respectively. Using this equation, then, here's what my EBRW score comes out to: (30+33)10=(63)10=630. Now,add your EBRW section score to your Math section score to getyour total PSAT score out of 1520. Inmy example, my total PSAT score would be650+630=1280. How to Calculate PSAT Subscores and Cross-Test Scores In addition to calculating your raw and scaled scores, you have the option ofcalculating your subscores and cross-test scores. These additional scores offer a closer, more detailed analysis of your performance on particularcontent areas and question types on the PSAT. Read on to learn how to calculate PSAT subscores and cross-test scores. Subscores To calculate your subscores, start by finding your raw scores for each of the following subscore categories: Math Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math EBRW Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Words in Context Command of Evidence Add up your correct answers on Math and EBRW using their respective answer keys. Then,use your scoring guide to see which questions on your test make up whichsubscore categories. Here is an example of a subscore overview for the EBRW subscore Expression of Ideas: Once you’ve got your seven raw subscores, use your test’s raw score conversion table for subscores to convert your raw subscores into scaled subscores. All scaled subscores use a scale of1-15. So forexample, if I were to get a raw score of 17 on Expression of Ideas, my scaled subscore would be12: Unfortunately, you're not allowed to have a lab partner on science questions. Cross-Test Scores You’ll also receive two cross-test scores: Analysis in History/Social Studies Analysis in Science Unlike subscores, cross-test scores are notconfined to a single section on the PSAT. This means that you can find a combination of Analysis in History/Social Studies and Analysis in Science questions in both the EBRW and Math sections. Each cross-test score begins as a raw score. To find your raw cross-test scores, use your scoring guide to determine which EBRW and Math questions make upwhich cross-test categories. Below is an example of a cross-test score overview for the Analysis in Science score: Once you have your raw scores for both cross-test scores, use your test’s raw score conversion table for cross-test scores to figure out your scaled cross-test scores for History/Social Studies and Science. Scaled cross-test scores use a scale of 8-38 (note that this is different from the 1-15 scoring scale used for subscores). Soif I were to receive a raw score of 19 on Analysis in Science, my scaled cross-test score for that area would equal 29: How to Calculate National Merit Selection Index Finally, there’s the National Merit Selection Index score. Unlike the other scores we’ve covered so far, you won’t find any conversion table for your Selection Index ona PSAT practice test. So how can you calculate this score? Here are the steps to take: 1. Find your Reading and Writing test scores. To find these scores, calculate your raw scores for Reading and Writing and then use your raw score conversion table to convert your raw scoresinto scaled testscores (on a scale of 8-38). 2. Find your Math test score. Unlike your Reading and Writing scores, your Math test score isn’t on a conversion chart. So how do you find this score? First,get your Math section score by matching your raw Math score to its corresponding scaled score on your conversion table. Then, to get your Math test score, simply divide your Math section score by 20. So ifmy scaled Math score were 680, my Math test score would be 680/20=34. 3. Add your test scores together. Next, combine your Reading, Writing, and Math test scores. This will give you a total PSAT test score on a scale of 24-4. 4. Multiply your total test score by 2. Finally, take your total PSAT test score and multiply it by 2 to get your Selection Index. Once again, the Selection Index score range is 48-228. In the end, if you’re aiming for a scholarship, you’ll need to have a Selection Index high enough to qualify you for National Merit in your particular state. These cutoff Selection Index scores range anywhere from 209-222. For more information about the Selection Index scores needed to qualify, check out our guide on how to become a National Merit Semifinalist. Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Next up, we'll decipher the meaning of PSAT score calculations. What Do PSAT Score Calculations Mean for YOU? So far we’ve explained how to calculate various PSAT scores, from raw and scaled scores to subscores, cross-test scores, and Selection Index scores. But what do all of these calculations mean for you? Using conversion tables as a PSAT score calculator allows you to forma rough idea as to how many questions you’ll need to answer correctly in order to attain a certain scaled PSAT score. Essentially,if you have aPSAT goal scorein mind, you can use raw score conversion tables from official PSAT practice tests to estimate how many correct answers you’ll need to be able to hit your goal score on test day. For example, let’s say your total PSAT goal score is 1300, or 640 on Math and 660 on EBRW. To get 640 on Math, you’ll need to scorearound 34-38 raw points, or get 34-38 questions right. (We calculated this estimated raw score range using the official conversion tables for PSAT Practice Test #1 and #2.) Figuring out the number of questions you'll need to get right for EBRW, however, requires you to do more than just look at a conversion table. You'll first need to divide your EBRW goal score (in this case, 660) by 10 to get your EBRW test score. Then, divide this score by 2 to get your estimated test scores for the Reading and Writing sections. Finally, use official conversion tables to get a corresponding raw scorefor each of these two test scores. In my example, a 660 EBRW goal score equals about 38-39raw points for Reading and 37-38 raw pointsfor Writing. Of course, these raw score ranges are all simply estimates. Because the College Board doesn’t tell us ahead of time how raw scores for upcoming PSATs will be equated, there’s no way to know for sure how many questionsyou’ll need to answer correctly in order to hityour goal scores. Still, you can get a pretty close approximation using official conversion tables! Recap: How to Calculate PSAT Score The PSAT is scored on a scale of 320-1520 in 10-point increments. This total score consists of two section scores for Math and EBRW, each of which uses a scale of 160-760. You’ll also getsubscores on a scale of 1-15 and cross-test scores on a scale of 8-38. Lastly, you’ll get a Selection Index score on a scale of 48-228; this score's sole purpose is todetermine your eligibility for National Merit. All of these PSAT scores are scaled, or equated, scores. Your PSAT scores will start out as raw scores based on the number of questions you answered correctly. Yourraw scores are then converted into scaled scores using a special equating process exclusive to yourtest. To convert your raw scores into scaled scores (or even vice versa), useraw score conversion tables for official PSAT practice tests. Though these tables apply to specific practice tests only, you can use them as a convenient PSAT score calculator toestimate the number of questions you’ll need to answer correctly in order to hit your goal scores on test day. What’s Next? Want to learn more about PSAT scoring and the PSAT score range? Our in-depth guides explainhow the PSAT score range differs from the SAT score range as well as how you can use the PSAT scoring system to your advantage. Are you aiming for National Merit?Get the rundown on how to win a scholarship and what you can do to guarantee yourself a perfect PSAT score! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Analysis of Mrs Hayward from the Novel Spies by Michael Frayn

How is the character of Mrs Hayward developed throughout the opening 3 chapter of Frayn’s ‘Spies’? Mrs Hayward is a contradictory character who is established through Stephen’s fragmented memory to be both a character of smiling perfection and a broken woman, sitting in the dust weeping. She is both the embodiment of a perfect British wartime wife and a character of suspicion; a spy, a traitor, the epitome of deceit and the focus of two young boys’ overzealous imagination. When the reader is first introduced to this character it is through the listing of three declarative clauses in one of Stephen’s long, complex sentences. It is here that his fragmented memory is emphasised by the fragmented syntax where only glimpses of Mrs Hayward are shared with the reader. She is ‘in the long-lost green summer shade, her brown eyes sparkling, laughing at something Keith has written. ’ Through his use of the verbs ‘sparkling’ and ‘laughing’ Mrs Hayward is portrayed as a friendly and happy character who clearly takes delight from time spent with her child. The use of the adjectives ‘blue’, ‘green’ and ‘long-lost’, help to coat the memory with a sense of vibrancy and suggest that these memories, and characters, are positive, fun and safe; they belong to a lost time that was happy. This is further reflected in the use of pathetic fallacy as the memory, and Mrs Hayward, are in the ‘summer shade’, a time of year and image associated with freedom and enjoyment, suggesting this is a character who is pleasantly remembered and much-liked by the narrator. However, as Mrs Hayward is in the shade this could subtly suggest to the reader that there is an element of darkness to the character as she is shaded, half hidden and perhaps that her motivations and intentions are not always as clear as first imagined. The reflective, gentle tone of Mrs Hayward’s introduction is shattered by the use of the short simple sentence ‘Then the laughter’s gone. ’ indicating to the reader that the memory of her is tainted by events that are still unclear to the reader, events that leave her ‘sitting in the dust in front of [Stephen], weeping’. The antithesis of ‘weeping’ and ‘laughing’ highlight to the reader how Mrs Hayward is a character who evokes feelings of both happiness and shame in Stephen, due to her respective actions and emotions. She is a fragmented and incomplete character who is portrayed to the audience through an anaphoric series of present tense memories, which make her actions, and consequent responses of the narrator, seem immediate and continual. She is a character who evokes an emotional response in our narrator almost sixty years after unknown events have occurred, suggesting to the reader that she is going to be central to his journey down ‘memory lane’. When Mrs Hayward is next introduced to the reader it is through elderly Stephen’s third person account of what would have happened if young Stephen had asked Keith to play at his house for the afternoon. This hypothetical pondering of the narrator occurs after a substantial amount of description has been dedicated to Keith’s home, room and father, suggesting to the reader that these male characters were the main objects of focus for young Stephen, Keith because he idolised his friend and his father because Stephen clearly feared him. Mrs Hayward then appears with her ‘perfectly plucked eyebrow’ while she is ‘reclining on a sofa’ and ‘looking up from her library book’. Frayn has positioned Mrs Hayward in the domestic sphere of the house and then used stative verbs to show her lack of movement and action. This is further highlighted when Keith asks if he can go to Stephen’s house and Stephen knows ‘precisely’ that her response will be to tell Keith to ‘ask Daddy’. Here Mrs Hayward establishes herself as having a typical female role within a traditional patriarchal family. She is contemplative, rested and motherly, she does not make decisions; she is not the dominant person in the relationship and she defers decision-making to her male counterpart – not unlike Stephen in his childhood relationship with Keith. Keith’s mother is referred to in the opening chapters using either the pronoun ‘Mrs Hayward’ or ‘Keith’s mother’, both name link her clearly to the males in her life, showing their dominance as her identity is always linked to them. She is not given her own name or identity and this emphasizes the position that she is in within the family; she is the wife and mother. She is surrounded with the semantic sphere of tranquility and passivity, she is ‘unhurried’, ‘calmly smiling’ ‘reclining’ or ‘looking’ and the only time we ee any use of dynamic verbs is when she is ‘shopping’ or fetching things for Aunt Dee. Mrs Hayward is clearly enclosed within the domestic sphere and has a clear role within her family, even her diary entries revolve around ‘Ted’s parents’, ‘Ted to OH dinner’, ‘K’s term starts’, ‘K’s sports dayâ€⠄¢. Each of these entries foregrounds one of the men in her life and shows their overwhelming importance to her daily routines; this is not unfamiliar of a war-time lady of leisure in Britain but it does highlight how she is trapped and isolated from both the world and society. Mrs Hayward is clearly a character that on the surface is shrouded in an air of tranquility and domesticity. She is the image of perfection and is clearly held in an idiolised position, along with everything associated with Keith, according to Stephen and both his adult and child-like perspective. She is a character who appears rested and calm but underneath this facade there is a secret that she is keeping, it may not be that she is a German Spy like the young boys think but all is clearly not as it seems and Stephen’s ‘perfect’ account of her suggests in itself that maybe she is too good to be true.